博客
关于我
强烈建议你试试无所不能的chatGPT,快点击我
python logging模块
阅读量:5328 次
发布时间:2019-06-14

本文共 12692 字,大约阅读时间需要 42 分钟。

原文:http://www.cnblogs.com/dahu-daqing/p/7040764.html

1 logging模块简介

logging模块是Python内置的标准模块,主要用于输出运行日志,可以设置输出日志的等级、日志保存路径、日志文件回滚等;相比print,具备如下优点:

  1. 可以通过设置不同的日志等级,在release版本中只输出重要信息,而不必显示大量的调试信息;
  2. print将所有信息都输出到标准输出中,严重影响开发者从标准输出中查看其它数据;logging则可以由开发者决定将信息输出到什么地方,以及怎么输出;

2 logging模块使用

2.1 基本使用

配置logging基本的设置,然后在控制台输出日志,

import logginglogging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)logger.info("Start print log")logger.debug("Do something")logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")logger.info("Finish")

运行时,控制台输出,

2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:11:19,434 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging中可以选择很多消息级别,如debug、info、warning、error以及critical。通过赋予logger或者handler不同的级别,开发者就可以只输出错误信息到特定的记录文件,或者在调试时只记录调试信息。

例如,我们将logger的级别改为DEBUG,再观察一下输出结果,

logging.basicConfig(level = logging.DEBUG,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')

控制台输出,可以发现,输出了debug的信息。

2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - DEBUG - Do something 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:12:08,289 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

logging.basicConfig函数各参数:

filename:指定日志文件名;

filemode:和file函数意义相同,指定日志文件的打开模式,'w'或者'a';

format:指定输出的格式和内容,format可以输出很多有用的信息,

参数:作用%(levelno)s:打印日志级别的数值%(levelname)s:打印日志级别的名称%(pathname)s:打印当前执行程序的路径,其实就是sys.argv[0]%(filename)s:打印当前执行程序名%(funcName)s:打印日志的当前函数 %(lineno)d:打印日志的当前行号 %(asctime)s:打印日志的时间 %(thread)d:打印线程ID %(threadName)s:打印线程名称 %(process)d:打印进程ID %(message)s:打印日志信息

datefmt:指定时间格式,同time.strftime();

level:设置日志级别,默认为logging.WARNNING;

stream:指定将日志的输出流,可以指定输出到sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件,默认输出到sys.stderr,当stream和filename同时指定时,stream被忽略;

2.2 将日志写入到文件

2.2.1 将日志写入到文件

设置logging,创建一个FileHandler,并对输出消息的格式进行设置,将其添加到logger,然后将日志写入到指定的文件中,

import logginglogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')handler.setFormatter(formatter)logger.addHandler(handler)logger.info("Start print log")logger.debug("Do something")logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")logger.info("Finish")

log.txt中日志数据为,

2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:01:13,263 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

2.2.2 将日志同时输出到屏幕和日志文件

logger中添加StreamHandler,可以将日志输出到屏幕上,

import logginglogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')handler.setFormatter(formatter)console = logging.StreamHandler()console.setLevel(logging.INFO)logger.addHandler(handler)logger.addHandler(console)logger.info("Start print log")logger.debug("Do something")logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")logger.info("Finish")

可以在log.txt文件和控制台中看到,

2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Start print log 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - WARNING - Something maybe fail. 2016-10-09 19:20:46,553 - __main__ - INFO - Finish

可以发现,logging有一个日志处理的主对象,其他处理方式都是通过addHandler添加进去,logging中包含的handler主要有如下几种,

handler名称:位置;作用StreamHandler:logging.StreamHandler;日志输出到流,可以是sys.stderr,sys.stdout或者文件FileHandler:logging.FileHandler;日志输出到文件 BaseRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.BaseRotatingHandler;基本的日志回滚方式 RotatingHandler:logging.handlers.RotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,支持日志文件最大数量和日志文件回滚 TimeRotatingHandler:logging.handlers.TimeRotatingHandler;日志回滚方式,在一定时间区域内回滚日志文件 SocketHandler:logging.handlers.SocketHandler;远程输出日志到TCP/IP sockets DatagramHandler:logging.handlers.DatagramHandler;远程输出日志到UDP sockets SMTPHandler:logging.handlers.SMTPHandler;远程输出日志到邮件地址 SysLogHandler:logging.handlers.SysLogHandler;日志输出到syslog NTEventLogHandler:logging.handlers.NTEventLogHandler;远程输出日志到Windows NT/2000/XP的事件日志 MemoryHandler:logging.handlers.MemoryHandler;日志输出到内存中的指定buffer HTTPHandler:logging.handlers.HTTPHandler;通过"GET"或者"POST"远程输出到HTTP服务器

2.2.3 日志回滚

使用RotatingFileHandler,可以实现日志回滚,

import loggingfrom logging.handlers import RotatingFileHandlerlogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)#定义一个RotatingFileHandler,最多备份3个日志文件,每个日志文件最大1KrHandler = RotatingFileHandler("log.txt",maxBytes = 1*1024,backupCount = 3)rHandler.setLevel(logging.INFO)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')rHandler.setFormatter(formatter)console = logging.StreamHandler()console.setLevel(logging.INFO)console.setFormatter(formatter)logger.addHandler(rHandler)logger.addHandler(console)logger.info("Start print log")logger.debug("Do something")logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")logger.info("Finish")

可以在工程目录中看到,备份的日志文件,

2016/10/09  19:36 732 log.txt 2016/10/09 19:36 967 log.txt.1 2016/10/09 19:36 985 log.txt.2 2016/10/09 19:36 976 log.txt.3

2.3 设置消息的等级

可以设置不同的日志等级,用于控制日志的输出,

日志等级:使用范围FATAL:致命错误CRITICAL:特别糟糕的事情,如内存耗尽、磁盘空间为空,一般很少使用ERROR:发生错误时,如IO操作失败或者连接问题WARNING:发生很重要的事件,但是并不是错误时,如用户登录密码错误INFO:处理请求或者状态变化等日常事务DEBUG:调试过程中使用DEBUG等级,如算法中每个循环的中间状态

2.4 捕获traceback

Python中的traceback模块被用于跟踪异常返回信息,可以在logging中记录下traceback,

代码,

import logginglogger = logging.getLogger(__name__)logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')handler.setFormatter(formatter)console = logging.StreamHandler()console.setLevel(logging.INFO)logger.addHandler(handler)logger.addHandler(console)logger.info("Start print log")logger.debug("Do something")logger.warning("Something maybe fail.")try:    open("sklearn.txt","rb")except (SystemExit,KeyboardInterrupt):    raiseexcept Exception:    logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)logger.info("Finish")

控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,

Start print logSomething maybe fail.Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in 
open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt' Finish

也可以使用logger.exception(msg,_args),它等价于logger.error(msg,exc_info = True,_args),

logger.error("Faild to open sklearn.txt from logger.error",exc_info = True)

替换为,

logger.exception("Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception")

控制台和日志文件log.txt中输出,

Start print logSomething maybe fail.Failed to open sklearn.txt from logger.exception Traceback (most recent call last): File "G:\zhb7627\Code\Eclipse WorkSpace\PythonTest\test.py", line 23, in 
open("sklearn.txt","rb") IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'sklearn.txt' Finish

2.5 多模块使用logging

主模块mainModule.py,

import loggingimport subModulelogger = logging.getLogger("mainModule")logger.setLevel(level = logging.INFO)handler = logging.FileHandler("log.txt")handler.setLevel(logging.INFO)formatter = logging.Formatter('%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')handler.setFormatter(formatter)console = logging.StreamHandler()console.setLevel(logging.INFO)console.setFormatter(formatter)logger.addHandler(handler)logger.addHandler(console)logger.info("creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass")a = subModule.SubModuleClass()logger.info("calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")a.doSomething()logger.info("done with  subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething")logger.info("calling subModule.some_function")subModule.som_function()logger.info("done with subModule.some_function")

子模块subModule.py,

import loggingmodule_logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub")class SubModuleClass(object):    def __init__(self):        self.logger = logging.getLogger("mainModule.sub.module")        self.logger.info("creating an instance in SubModuleClass")    def doSomething(self):        self.logger.info("do something in SubModule")        a = []        a.append(1)        self.logger.debug("list a = " + str(a))        self.logger.info("finish something in SubModuleClass")def som_function():    module_logger.info("call function some_function")

执行之后,在控制和日志文件log.txt中输出,

2016-10-09 20:25:42,276 - mainModule - INFO - creating an instance of subModule.subModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - creating an instance in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - do something in SubModule 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub.module - INFO - finish something in SubModuleClass 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.subModuleClass.doSomething 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - calling subModule.some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule.sub - INFO - call function some_function 2016-10-09 20:25:42,279 - mainModule - INFO - done with subModule.some_function

首先在主模块定义了logger'mainModule',并对它进行了配置,就可以在解释器进程里面的其他地方通过getLogger('mainModule')得到的对象都是一样的,不需要重新配置,可以直接使用。定义的该logger的子logger,都可以共享父logger的定义和配置,所谓的父子logger是通过命名来识别,任意以'mainModule'开头的logger都是它的子logger,例如'mainModule.sub'。

实际开发一个application,首先可以通过logging配置文件编写好这个application所对应的配置,可以生成一个根logger,如'PythonAPP',然后在主函数中通过fileConfig加载logging配置,接着在application的其他地方、不同的模块中,可以使用根logger的子logger,如'PythonAPP.Core','PythonAPP.Web'来进行log,而不需要反复的定义和配置各个模块的logger。

3 通过JSON或者YAML文件配置logging模块

尽管可以在Python代码中配置logging,但是这样并不够灵活,最好的方法是使用一个配置文件来配置。在Python 2.7及以后的版本中,可以从字典中加载logging配置,也就意味着可以通过JSON或者YAML文件加载日志的配置。

3.1 通过JSON文件配置

JSON配置文件,

{    "version":1,    "disable_existing_loggers":false,    "formatters":{ "simple":{ "format":"%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" } }, "handlers":{ "console":{ "class":"logging.StreamHandler", "level":"DEBUG", "formatter":"simple", "stream":"ext://sys.stdout" }, "info_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"INFO", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"info.log", "maxBytes":"10485760", "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" }, "error_file_handler":{ "class":"logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler", "level":"ERROR", "formatter":"simple", "filename":"errors.log", "maxBytes":10485760, "backupCount":20, "encoding":"utf8" } }, "loggers":{ "my_module":{ "level":"ERROR", "handlers":["info_file_handler"], "propagate":"no" } }, "root":{ "level":"INFO", "handlers":["console","info_file_handler","error_file_handler"] } }

通过JSON加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import jsonimport logging.configimport osdef setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):    path = default_path    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)    if value:        path = value    if os.path.exists(path):        with open(path,"r") as f:            config = json.load(f)            logging.config.dictConfig(config)    else:        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)def func():    logging.info("start func")    logging.info("exec func")    logging.info("end func")if __name__ == "__main__":    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.json")    func()

3.2 通过YAML文件配置

通过YAML文件进行配置,比JSON看起来更加简介明了,

version: 1disable_existing_loggers: Falseformatters: simple: format: "%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" handlers: console: class: logging.StreamHandler level: DEBUG formatter: simple stream: ext://sys.stdout info_file_handler: class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler level: INFO formatter: simple filename: info.log maxBytes: 10485760 backupCount: 20 encoding: utf8 error_file_handler: class: logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler level: ERROR formatter: simple filename: errors.log maxBytes: 10485760 backupCount: 20 encoding: utf8 loggers: my_module: level: ERROR handlers: [info_file_handler] propagate: no root: level: INFO handlers: [console,info_file_handler,error_file_handler]

通过YAML加载配置文件,然后通过logging.dictConfig配置logging,

import yamlimport logging.configimport osdef setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml",default_level = logging.INFO,env_key = "LOG_CFG"):    path = default_path    value = os.getenv(env_key,None)    if value:        path = value    if os.path.exists(path):        with open(path,"r") as f:            config = yaml.load(f)            logging.config.dictConfig(config)    else:        logging.basicConfig(level = default_level)def func():    logging.info("start func")    logging.info("exec func")    logging.info("end func")if __name__ == "__main__":    setup_logging(default_path = "logging.yaml")    func()

4 Reference

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/Ladylittleleaf/p/9634581.html

你可能感兴趣的文章
【转】javascript 中的很多有用的东西
查看>>
Centos7.2正常启动关闭CDH5.16.1
查看>>
Android 监听返回键、HOME键
查看>>
Android ContentProvider的实现
查看>>
sqlserver 各种判断是否存在(表名、函数、存储过程等)
查看>>
给C#学习者的建议 - CLR Via C# 读后感
查看>>
Recover Binary Search Tree
查看>>
Java 实践:生产者与消费者
查看>>
[转]IOCP--Socket IO模型终结篇
查看>>
js 获取视频的第一帧
查看>>
各种正则验证
查看>>
观察者模式(Observer)
查看>>
python中numpy.r_和numpy.c_
查看>>
egret3D与2D混合开发,画布尺寸不一致的问题
查看>>
freebsd 实现 tab 命令 补全 命令 提示
查看>>
struts1和struts2的区别
查看>>
函数之匿名函数
查看>>
shell习题第16题:查用户
查看>>
Redis常用命令
查看>>
2018.11.06 bzoj1040: [ZJOI2008]骑士(树形dp)
查看>>